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The switching is required in many applications at low as well as at high frequency. RF MEMS switches are the specific micromechanical switches that are designed to operate at RF to mmWave frequencies. MEMS switches usages some mechanical movement to achieve a closed or open circuit in the Radio...
Time Domain Reflectometry is the analysis of conductor lines (interconnects)by sending a pulsed signal into the conductor and then examining the reflection of that pulse. A TDR transmits a short rise time pulse along the conductor. If the conductor is of a uniform impedance and is properly...
Spring-loaded pins are rapidly finding new applications in modular product design. Also referred to as SLCs (spring-loaded connectors), this product resolves many of the manufacturing issues like misalignment, coplanarity, and tolerance stack up that can plague traditional pins and sockets...
The Emergence of Power Integrity Analysis
As the speed of the data signal increases, many reasons including power supply noise lead to the degradation of the high-speed signals. In low power high-speed digital interfaces, it is crucial to characterize the whole system power supply in order to...
Find bellow an Android TCP client extension
that implements a very simple socket; note that its operation is performed 'one-shot', which means that only one command is sent ( and its respective response, read ) at a time, and then the socket connection is closed. So, be aware that it is not a...
To simulate a cell phone antenna to study the effect of the radiation on organisms, a simulation to evaluate cell phone antenna in the presence of a human body, with particular emphasis on the head and hand is carried out. In accordance with IEEE standards, such as 1528, the Standard...
A tracking system in earth station antenna tracks the motion of the satellite. Especially in the case of Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, that appears for the small time window to earth station antenna, it’s necessary to communicate with satellite effectively in that short duration of time and...
Fractal’ term was first coined by Benoit Mandelbrot in 1983 to classify the structure whose dimensions were not whole numbers. One of the properties of fractals geometry is that it can have an infinite length while fitting in a finite volume. The radiation characteristic of any electromagnetic...
Planar antennas, including microstrip and printed antennas, metal-plate antennas, ceramic chip and dielectric resonator antennas have a low profile hence, these antennas have extensive applications in mobile systems (such as 900/1800 MHz bands), wireless local area networks (WLANs, such as...
Feed network for microwave applications is a major design concern in terms of complexity and size. There is various kind of feeding network of an array antenna. Feed network depend on antenna type and geometry.
Passive Antenna Array
(a) Corporate Feed Network : For a passive antenna, most...
Periodic arrangement of dielectric or magnetic materials that result in the formation of stop bands
No surface waves can propagate in the EBG structure ( a form of Metamaterial) inside this frequency band gap
Metamaterial are engineered media that have a negative refractive index (Negative...
The role of impedance transformer is crucial in RF microwave input/output impedance matching and antenna feed network design. Impedance transformer are primarily used as bridging network between two component with different input impedances. Quarter-wave impedance transformer or λ/4...
SIW technology is essentially a hybrid of microstrip and dielectric-filled waveguide (DFW) technologies. Starting with a PCB substrate, top and bottom metal layers provide two of the waveguide walls. Then, two parallel rows of vias are added, forming the side walls of the waveguide. Figure 1...
Microstrip Array Antenna and it’s Application
The antenna plays a very important role in determining the overall system performance of airborne as well as space borne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. The basic driving force for frequency and polarization selection of an SAR system...
Signal integrity (SI) addresses two key aspects in high-speed digital designs: signal timing and quality. SI analysis aims to ensure signals reach their destination in good condition. In a system, signals travel through various kinds of interconnections (e.g., from chip to package, package to RF...
Fifth generation (5G) wireless communication is next major phase of mobile communications standards beyond the current LTE-Advanced. In order to meet 5G faster speed (1-10 Gbps), millimeter wave frequency band has been recommended for 5G wireless communication. Ka band has been targeted for...
Microstrip Array Antenna and it’s Application
Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is widely used as an efficient tool for remote sensing and mapping by Aerospace industries. The desirable features of antenna for Airborne SAR applications include shaped radiation pattern and wide bandwidth...
Assuming that you are familiar with the fundamental specifications of an ADC and what they mean, the next step is to know your entire signal chain well and then work to fit the ADC to the requirements. After carefully determining signal chain requirements, then select your ADC with the...
Nodemcu is a great WiFi chip, that can be used in several wireless applications.
In this blog post, an Application running on Android Phone will get the temperature and humidity values from the Nodemcu and it will also control the 4 Relays, which are connected to the Nodemcu, all over WiFi...
by Scott Thornton
Besides the advantage of higher performance in performing calculations and faster data transfers, what are the advantages of working with an MCU that has a larger bus width?
MCUs with higher data bus widths enjoy higher performance in terms of faster operations, often...
By Janet Heath
Instrumentation amplifiers (INAs) are precision devices, but they have a particular function and aren’t another type of operational amplifier (op amp). Instrumentation amplifiers are not op amps; you can’t configure them in a multitude of ways, and you only set gain to a chosen...
By Joshua Israelsohn
Ceramics comprise the most widely used non-polarized dielectrics. The reason is they offer attractive combinations of volumetric efficiency, manufacturability, and cost. Some applications -- such as high-frequency RF signal chains and high-precision measurement circuits...
by Maniing Xie
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can create serious issues for manufacturers in an industrial environment. A buck converter generates a pulsating ripple current with high di/dt at the input. Without input capacitors, ripple current is supplied by the upper power source...
Lot of people who start with HFSS have issues in making the complicated geometry in HFSS. Here are very simple steps which anyone can follow to make a 3D structure in HFSS
Just take example of this cavity with attached beam pipes
Step 1 Draw this 3D structure on paper as 2D line Diagram...
In this blog post i will share my Graphical Lcd libraries with you which are written for xc8 compiler in MPLAB-X development environment.
The libraries functions are inspired from mikroC functions and i tried to keep most of the functions similar to the one available in mikroC compiler.
Some...
Hi guys, i have made a video tutorial on how to make an inverter using arduino. I have tried to keep the things very simple so that everyone of you have a better understanding.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jCEdgMBd15U
Regards
Shailza Kant Pandey
Microchip announced yesterday that it had successfully completed its acquisition of Atmel Corporation:
MICROCHIP TECHNOLOGY COMPLETES ATMEL ACQUISITION
AND PROVIDES UPDATE ON ITS FISCAL FOURTH QUARTER 201
Details of $3.6 Billion Deal:
Microchip Technology to Buy Atmel for Nearly $3.6...
While I was home this winter, I saw that the remote for our TV tuner was damaged physically, causing the buttons to not function responsively. Some of them just didn't work. I saw this as an opportunity for a fun couple days' project to build a new remote controller for the tuner.
The TV...
The Intel Edison test board, along with the USB mouse
I have recently been using the Intel Edison for the Cornell robotics project team (which co-hosts the Intel-Cornell Cup USA competition). Building on my previous knowledge of embedded systems, I started learning to use and program on...
Hi friends !
After a long time a came back again ! 8-)
I want to share you some simple literature ( my own handwriting ) about control systems and oscillators but believe me i tried to make it as simple as i think simpler than this is impossible !
Ready ?
Here i share you 16...
1. Why do we need external filter
2. Why do we wanna remove external filter
3. The risk of removing external filter
4. Blocker-Tolerant techniques
Please refer to
What is cross modulation ?
What is the difference between cross modulation and intermodulation ?
What is single tone desense ? Why do we have to the test ?
What is triple beat ?
Please refer to
This is a method for calculating the Tin/Lead content in any solder containing mainly those two metals. The method uses only a scale to precisely determine the density of the solder and from there knowing the density of the Tin and Lead, to calculate the Tin/Lead ratio.
As you know the best...
For
I/Q signal
I/Q imbalance
carrier leakage
you can refer to the PDF file
Introduction to I/Q signal
As mentioned above, for SSB modulation, in reality, there will be at least three tones in the spectrum.
One is signal(i.e. desired sideband), another is undesired...
I/Q Imbalance
As mentioned above, for SSB modulation, there should be only one desired sideband in the spectrum in theory.
Nevertheless, in reality, there will be at least three tones in the spectrum.
As shown below, one of the three tones is undesired sideband, so-called image ...
Single Sideband Modulation
Conventional double sideband(DSB) modulation can be considered wasteful of power and bandwidth because they contain a carrier signal and two identical sidebands.
Conversely, single sideband(SSB) modulation, as the name implies, uses only one sideband to provide...
We can also analyze it in terms of E/H fields .
As illustrated above, both microstrip line and stripline radiate E-field outside.
Thus, we need ground plane to absorb their E fields.
And larger the ground plane,
lower the ground impedance, more the E-fields that ground plane...
According to my previous experience,
wideband matching from 700 MHz to 2700 MHz (GSM/WCDMA/LTE) can be achieved by mere 3 components.
If the frequency range is 2.4, 2.1, 1.8, 1.6, 0.9 GHz,
and you have 5 components,
just do the wideband matching from 0.9 GHz to 2.4 GHz
To start...
For a Direct-conversion(Zero-IF) receiver, RF signal down converts to BaseBand signal near 0 Hz directly.
Let’s assume there are 2 tones , f1 is interference, f2 is signal, and their frequency are close, i.e. f1 = f2.
If LNA IIP2 is not good enough, f1 and f2 will compose IMD2...
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