A MOSFET can be used but regulation with changes in load current will be poorer. The zener diode provides the voltage reference VZ. With a BJT, the output voltage is VZ - VBE, and VZ - VGS with a MOSFET. Both VBE and VGS change with load current, but VGS changes much more than VBE for the same change of current. Therefore, regulation is poorer with a MOSFET.Also, instead of using BJT, could I subsitute it with a MOSFET for the series design?
I don't understand why 'a switching regulator is out of the question'?
Keith
Now that you've provided some more details about your intended application of the 12V supply, there's a way to further reduce wastage of power if the main SMPS has a 12V output. In the circuit below, the auxiliary supply we've been discussing puts out about 11.3V (zener voltage minus VBE). With this arrangement, the load (what you call the gate driver) will draw power from whichever voltage of the two sources is higher. Once the main SMPS is running, its 12V output is higher than the 11.3V from the auxiliary supply. The gate driver will be powered by the main SMPS and the auxiliary supply will remain in standby mode, drawing only the zener current from the 100V source.
Yes, it will work as long as they can share a common ground. You could also use a 3-terminal 7812 since 28V is comfortably lower than the max input voltage rating of a 78xx regulator. Power dissipation in the regulator will be the same 0.64W you've already calculated. You could provide a small heatsink to keep it cool but that's not essential as it can easily deal with that level of dissipation without a heatsink.Thanks Pjdd, the method you suggested is the start-up strategy which I've read this somewhere where the converter usually utilises a transformer configuration to provide isolation. And because a transformer is being used, they could tap any o/p voltage of any values they desired.
My converter is a fixed 100-28V non-isolated configuration. However on second thoughts, perhaps I could replicate a series reg where the i/p now is 28V and its o/p connected to the "+12V from main SMPS" terminal of your latest circuit?
Although the similar problem persist, the voltage drop, hence power wastage is reduced since p.d. is no longer 88V but 16V (Power waste:16X40mA=0.64W only!).
I'll go through the thread later as my internet connection has been behaving erratically for the past 24 hrs.Also, if you're interested the attached image is my HV DC setup (albeit the HV now is 100V instead of 30V). I did post a thread on it: https://www.edaboard.com/threads/233047/
For complex diagrams, I use CAD programs like CircuitMaker 2000, Protel and others, but for those small simple circuits, I use a very unsophisticated process - namely art progs like MS Paint, Ultimate Paint, etc. It's a legacy from the days when I used an Amiga as my main computer. Some Amiga art programs had provision to store small bitmap images as brushes, somewhat like the way CAD programs have symbol libraries.By the way, could you share what software are you using to draw those little circuits? They are pretty nice to see.
Yes, it will work as long as they can share a common ground. You could also use a 3-terminal 7812 since 28V is comfortably lower than the max input voltage rating of a 78xx regulator. Power dissipation in the regulator will be the same 0.64W you've already calculated. You could provide a small heatsink to keep it cool but that's not essential as it can easily deal with that level of dissipation without a heatsink.
For complex diagrams, I use CAD programs like CircuitMaker 2000, Protel and others, but for those small simple circuits, I use a very unsophisticated process - namely art progs like MS Paint, Ultimate Paint, etc. It's a legacy from the days when I used an Amiga as my main computer. Some Amiga art programs had provision to store small bitmap images as brushes, somewhat like the way CAD programs have symbol libraries.
Basic Windows programs don't have such a provision. I use either of two methods with MS Paint: 1) I made a standard bitmap image with various symbols at the top of the page. I Cut/Copy and Paste the symbols and arrange them as needed on the lower part of the page. 2) I save each symbol as a small individual bitmap image file and store them all in a common folder. Then I use the "Paste From...." tool in MS Paint to call them up as needed.
After the drawing is finished, I save the page with an appropriate name and crop it as necessary. Irfanview is very nice for cropping and other manipulations. The whole process is rather tedious and not really suitable for large complex diagrams. OTOH, I like the ease with which new symbols and elements can be created, and the way the schematics can be saved directly as bitmap images with a wide range of formats to choose from. PNG is perhaps the most efficient format for images with a small number of different colours. Many of the small schematics I've posted in this forum are less than 1KB in size.
And that reminds me of something else. If I may make a suggestion regarding your images: Take this latest one as an example. It's 1.40MB which is quite large, especially for those with slow connections, and it's not as clear as it could be. It can be much improved after you've downloaded it from your Blackberry. I did a few things to it and re-uploaded it here.The one on the left is 40.3KB and the smaller one on the right is 12.5KB. It took me a couple of minutes with Irfanview.
Of course we should all use whatever we're comfortable with. I use LTSpice too, but mainly for simulations as I find the schematic art rather unattractive.I think I would just stick to LTspice when posting a schematic. Everyone has their own style which suits them best, and most probably you've already mastered your way for some time. :-D
There's no big secret behind my knowing what you used to capture the image. Irfanview comes with an EXIF viewer that displays all the metadata in an image.You definitely could suggest, because when you suggest, I learned. I am a little surprise as you knew I was using a Blackberry to capture these photos, though it is actually very simple to find out by copying the image URL into this site: **broken link removed**.
It's normal for power resistors to get quite hot when they dissipate appreciable power even if it's well below their max rating. This is why they usually have some form of ceramic casing and sometimes, as in your case, a metal casing on top of the ceramic one. I recall the specs of some stating that they reach something like 300°C or more at full power.Here is some updates from my hardware progression.
Attached is the breadboard connection of a shunt linear regulator. The power resistor has a 10W rating and it is rather hot to touch after some time although only dissipating of only about 3.52W!
Nice to know that. It's a good idea to put another filter capacitor close to the gate driver IC. A ceramic or plastic cap of 0.1µF should do the job.And if you look at the long piece of red wire connecting to the right, it is actually being connected to the Vcc terminal of the IR2117 gate driver. The whole system works.
That's probably because, when the 12V supply is off, the 100kHz signal passes through the IR2117 IC to its Vcc pin and the pulses are integrated by the 10µF filter capacitor which is in parallel with the zener diode. Basically, integrating 10V pulses at 50% duty should result in 5V DC, but there must be some losses in the IR2117's internal circuitry as the Vcc pin wouldn't be directly connected to the input pin. And then there's the finite output resistance of the function generator which may be 50 or 75 ohms.The edaboard_oscope_Vz.jpg image shows V(z) in CH1, a 11.86V value very close to the desired 12V.
But what I could not understand is why V(z) has a 4V when I had off the main 100V supply. This 4V only disappears when I switched off the Function gen. By the way, the function gen. is providing a 100kHz, 50% duty cycle, 10Vpk-pk voltage PWM. edaboard_oscope_Vz(off).jpg depicts this.
With 17.5C/W junction to case it can only handle 10W with an infinite heat sink - the junction would be at 200C.
Without a heatsink it is 175C/W so can only handle 1W, but would have a junction temperature of 200C at an ambient of 25C.
Keith
I think you should be able to find clip on heatsinks for that package, but you will need to do some calculations to see if it will be suitable. In general I find that even 1W can require heatsinking. A TO220 package has around 60C/W so at 70C ambient would be at 130C without a heatsink when dissipating 1W. For more than 1W you would need a heatsink. For reliability I wouldn't run transistors at 200C. The package you are using has a very high C/W from junction to case so even an infinite heatsink will struggle to keep it cool.
I would suggest looking at transistors in TO220- they are better designed for adding heatsinks.
Keith
Now that you've provided some more details about your intended application of the 12V supply, there's a way to further reduce wastage of power if the main SMPS has a 12V output. In the circuit below, the auxiliary supply we've been discussing puts out about 11.3V (zener voltage minus VBE). With this arrangement, the load (what you call the gate driver) will draw power from whichever voltage of the two sources is higher. Once the main SMPS is running, its 12V output is higher than the 11.3V from the auxiliary supply. The gate driver will be powered by the main SMPS and the auxiliary supply will remain in standby mode, drawing only the zener current from the 100V source.
Now that you've provided some more details about your intended application of the 12V supply, there's a way to further reduce wastage of power if the main SMPS has a 12V output. In the circuit below, the auxiliary supply we've been discussing puts out about 11.3V (zener voltage minus VBE). With this arrangement, the load (what you call the gate driver) will draw power from whichever voltage of the two sources is higher. Once the main SMPS is running, its 12V output is higher than the 11.3V from the auxiliary supply. The gate driver will be powered by the main SMPS and the auxiliary supply will remain in standby mode, drawing only the zener current from the 100V source.
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