You can think of the Fourier transform as a sort of conversion between two bases (from time to frequency). Imagine that you are resolving a vector (in 2D space) into its X and Y components, you would be doing a dot product operation with the x and y unit vectors and obtain the coefficient values. The Fourier transformation can be thought to be something similar. Think of your transform operation as converting from a time basis to frequency basis. You are resolving your function into components expressed in the basis of frequency vectors.