Do you mean CRT or thermionic valve? With a CRT you could measure the light output when in use, this is a very good test especially on colour CRTs, where the blue* gun always fails first ( you get a colour cast as the tube ages). If you are talking about thermionic valves, then you have to estimate the reservoir of emission left in the cathode. The classic way would be to increase the filament voltage to see how much the Ia increase, unfortunately this will see off an old valve. I wonder if reducing it will reduce the Ia depending on how high up the knee it is operating.
* blue? , I am having second thoughts, it might not be! - Its 30 years + since I fiddled with CRTs, but a colour cast is a definite sign, providing the set's gun controls have not be fiddled with.
Frank