[SOLVED] SPI Communication: ld returned 1 exit status

[eebhoi01]

Hi,

I am a newbie to SPI programming and this is my first attempt in learning and coding SPI protocol, I am using Atmel Studio 7 (w/ Atmel 644). My friend gave me a code, for my reference, regarding SPI. I modified the code so that it will work as how I needed it to be. Unfortunately, I got this error "ld returned 1 exit status".

for my SPI.h file

#ifndef _SPI_H
#define _SPI_H

#include <avr/io.h>

#define LSB = 0;
#define MSB = 1;

//Defining SPI pins configuration ATMEGA 644P
#define SPI_SS 0x10;
#define SPI_MOSI 0x20;
#define SPI_MISO 0x00;
#define SPI_SCK 0x80;
#define SPI_PORT  PORTB
#define PIN_SPI  PINB
#define BIT_SPI_MISO  3

//Defining SPI function configuration
#define SPI_CLCK_Div4 0x00;
#define SPI_CLCK_Div16 0x01;
#define SPI_ClCK_Div64 0x02;
#define SPI_CLCK_Div128 0x03;
#define SPI_CLCK_Div2 0x04;
#define SPI_CLCK_Div8 0x05;
#define SPI_CLCK_Div32 0x06;

#define SPI_Mode0 0x00;
#define SPI_Mode1 0x04;
#define SPI_Mode2 0x08;
#define SPI_Mode3 0x0C;

#define	SPI_MODE_MASK 0x0C;
#define SPI_CLOCK_MASK 0x03;
#define SPI_2XCLOCK_MASK 0X01;

#define WAIT_SPI() while(!(SPSR & _BV(SPIF)))

class SPI
{
  public:

    void init();

    uint8_t send(uint8_t value);

    inline static uint8_t transfer(uint8_t _data, uint8_t mode);

    // SPI Configuration methods

    inline static void attachInterrupt();
    inline static void detachInterrupt(); // Default
    static void end();

    static void setBitOrder(uint8_t);
    static void setDataMode(uint8_t);
    static uint8_t getDataMode();
    static void setClockDivider(uint8_t);
};

extern SPI objSPI;

uint8_t SPI::transfer(uint8_t _data, uint8_t mode)
{
	uint8_t ret,prevmode;
	prevmode = getDataMode();
	setDataMode(mode);
	SPDR = _data;
	while (!(SPSR & _BV(SPIF)))
	;
	ret = SPDR;
	setDataMode(prevmode);
	return ret;	
}
#endif

for my SPI.cpp File

#include "SPI.h"

void SPI::init() 
{

  SPI_PORT |= _BV(SPI_SS);
  // Configure SPI pins
  DDR(SPI_PORT) &= ~_BV(SPI_MISO);
  
  DDR(SPI_PORT) |= _BV(SPI_SS);
  
  SPI_PORT &= ~_BV(SPI_MOSI);
  SPI_PORT |= _BV(SPI_SS);
   
  // SPI speed = clk/4
  SPCR |= _BV(MSTR);
  SPCR |= _BV(SPE);
  DDR(SPI_PORT) |= _BV(SPI_MOSI);
  DDR(SPI_PORT) |= _BV(SPI_SCK);
}

uint8_t SPI::send(uint8_t value) 
{
  SPDR = value;                          // Transfer uint8_t via SPI
  WAIT_SPI();                            // Wait until SPI operation is terminated

  return SPDR;
}

void SPI::setBitOrder(uint8_t bitOrder)
{
  if(bitOrder == LSB) {
    SPCR |= _BV(DORD);
  } else {
    SPCR &= ~(_BV(DORD));
  }
}

void SPI::setDataMode(uint8_t mode)
{
  SPCR = (SPCR & ~SPI_MODE_MASK) | mode;
  if (mode == SPI_Mode3 || mode==SPI_Mode2)
  {
	  SPI_PORT |= _BV(SPI_SCK);
  }
  else
  {
	  SPI_PORT &= ~_BV(SPI_SCK);
  }
}

uint8_t SPI::getDataMode()
{
  return (SPCR & SPI_MODE_MASK);
}

void SPI::setClockDivider(uint8_t rate)
{
  SPCR = (SPCR & ~SPI_CLOCK_MASK) | (rate & SPI_CLOCK_MASK);
  SPSR = (SPSR & ~SPI_2XCLOCK_MASK) | ((rate >> 2) & SPI_2XCLOCK_MASK);
}

void SPI::attachInterrupt() {
  SPCR |= _BV(SPIE);
}

void SPI::detachInterrupt() {
  SPCR &= ~_BV(SPIE);
}

SPI objSPI;

Can anyone enlighten me please, why I get such error? I reviewed everything I learned so far, but I can't seem to comprehend this particular error. Thank you for your help and time.

Regards,

eebhoi01

 

[srizbf]

check whether the libraries are available in the lib directory/folder.
To test write a small program and compile to see the error messages.

 

[andre_luis]

I got this error "ld returned 1 exit status"

You did not clearly mention what compiler are using, anyway most of them has an option for a verbose mode for the compilation output, so that you can inspect more exactly the reason for that.

 

[eebhoi01]

I was able to solve the issue, I deleted all of my existing files and, created a new project and pasted all of my codes. Anyhow thank you for your help.