Checking a random datasheet, a voltage below about +0.8 Volts counts as a low, while above 2.4 Volts will be a high (actual switch at about 1.5 Volts).
So while 0 volts and +5 Volts are outside RS232 spec, your MAX3232 may well accept these levels at RS232 input.
Negative voltages would normally be expected at RS232 receiver, but many modern chips will accept 0V as a low.
Check the datasheet for the chip you are using to be sure.
Not a wonderfully good test, but may be good enough for whatever your purpose is.