300v Regulator
The IC works only about 15vdc input. so it can regulate the output. Voltage between IC's gnd and IC's input ≤20vdc.
For output short-circuit protection, a resistor for 7812's input will be enogh. for example if we need only 300v/5mA. Put 470nF and 470ohm serises to 220V 50HZ mains (before diode bridge and elco), This is only for short-circuit protection, no over voltage protection seems. Some series zeners may be useful to output and gnd. more complex?
Note: This is not theoretical circuit only. 100% tested. I saw on a electronics magazine.