will you connect an alarm??? my concept is for simple circuit only...
for flame detector maybe you can use a thermistor, it sense heat.
for smoke detector u can use an infrared emitting diode and a photo transistor, the output is connected to a comparator. once a smoke interfere the LOS of the sensors, it can have a variation in the ouput of the comparator.
why dont u try google but any how an smoke detector is nothing more than an electrical bridge that be the change of the media inside an capacitor the brige balance is gone away