Kindly explain the circuit used as level shifter

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angy

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Kindly explain the theory as to how we get following output voltages w.r.t input voltages.

 

It's a Zener diode. It drops 6.2V across itself so the output is 6.2V lower than the input whenever the input is high enough. The additional small drop is caused by the resistance of the diode and can be calculated using Ohms law.

Brian.
 

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