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Isolated DC-DC converter normally have their outputs and inputs galnacically isolated through (transformer and/or opto isolators) example of isolated converters: flyback, forward push-pull etc.., non isolated have their outputs and inputs use the same reference, example buck, boost, linear regulators etc... more details are abundant.
Usually the DC-DC converters are placed inside the chip to avoid IR drops. But in the case of Switching converters,EMI will effect the circuits the converter is driving. Hence in the board level layout, we tend to isolate them. This is because the EMI will take effect till about 100 MHz in most of the cases.
So, I suppose, isolated converters are those with switching elements in them like Buck/ Boost and non-isolated are which do not inject high frequency noise like LDOs.
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