Inductor simulation in HFSS--low frequency

Hello everyone, I am a freshman to HFSS and looking for some help on the simulation on a simple spiral inductor. I want to see how the inductor behaves around 100 MHz.

In fact, my inductor is very similar to the one shown in the tutorial example, which you can find here: **broken link removed**

To make things easier, I followed every step in the tutorial and simulated the same inductor and got the same result of inductance like this:


Everything looks right but, if you look carefully, at the low frequency end, the inductance begins to increase. This also occurs in my own inductor simulation. According to the theory, when frequency is approaching to zero, the inductance should approach its DC value. Not sure why here it starts to increase.

I tried with different mesh numbers but it doesn't make any difference.

I tried to increase the boundary dimension--a lot of people here mentioned that the dimension should be wavelength/4. But at 100 MHz, the wavelength is a few meters while the inductor is a few microns. I tried setting the boundary to be 1 m^3 but the simulation never ends....takes too long.

So, anyone have any idea why the inductance increase at low frequency or what should I do to make it right?

Thanks a lot!

Fengxuan said:

So, anyone have any idea why the inductance increase at low frequency or what should I do to make it right?

Click to expand...

Not sure if this is the reason in your data, but we often see a low frequency effect in simulated and measured inductance. It is related to skin effect, where the extra inductance from skin effect decreases (!) with frequency. Sounds counter-intuitive, but the XL from skin effect is ~ sqrt(f) instead of ~f, so the extra inductance from skin effect decreases with frequency.

volker@muehlhaus said:

Not sure if this is the reason in your data, but we often see a low frequency effect in simulated and measured inductance. It is related to skin effect, where the extra inductance from skin effect decreases (!) with frequency. Sounds counter-intuitive, but the XL from skin effect is ~ sqrt(f) instead of ~f, so the extra inductance from skin effect decreases with frequency.

Click to expand...

Thanks for your reply but at low frequency, the skin depth is much larger than the inductor thickness and the skin effect should be negligible right?
Here I have attached a zoomed-in inductance curve from the simulation.