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I'm guessing the waveform shows gate voltage? Can't tell what Vge looks like unless emitter voltage is also measured at the same time (and subtracted from the gate voltage, maybe with the scope's math function. Or by using a differential probe).

I was going to ask why you chose to drive from the high side. I'm guessing there are valid safety-related reasons to make the load earth-referenced.

Aside from the potential issue with Vge exceeding its limits, FvM's point about the slow turn-on is also a potential explanation for the IGBT getting destroyed. Depends on the specific IGBT used and its SOA specifications...

As Easy Peasy said above, a proper gate driver (referenced to the emitter, with drive resistance in the tens of ohms) is likely worth investing in.