1) Umm, yeah. Designed about 50, used many, many more.
2) Sure.
3) Usually. Sometimes using the full resources of an old-school
(not fabless) semiconductor company's reliability lab.
4) Not that I recall.
5) You seem to be focused on digital logic and probably SSI
functions. Nothing here speaks to me as an analog / power
management type guy. And digital has mostly moved on to
very high levels of integration where 99.999% of gates are
not directly pin-accessible - only through elaborate JTAG
chains or proprietary scan paths, or very long vector sets,
any of which require intimate knowledge of the internals.
Short answer? No, not really; anything small enough for the
tester I imagine based on your description to handle, is
cheap enough to just plug in another and see if it works
same or different.
6) I think I've seen low-end component testers as your
description indicates, at distributors like Digi-Key or
Jameco (I forget, didn't buy those either). I do suggest
you attempt to scope out your existing competition and
do it before you commit resources to this development.
But I guess as it's just a project, maybe there is no need
to succeed in an open market, just to prove a point and
move on? Does your professor value such competitive
analysis (industry depends on it)? Or is this only to
demonstrate your hardware / software skills in a very
specific way?
7) For logic, consider that this could already be had by very
low cost USB-DIO equipment and need only some smart
software to run it and make the determination of form
and proper pin / gate function.