how the book solved these two steps, plz explain

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moonnightingale

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i am unable to understand these two steps. kindly elaborate
 

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hi ,

For the first figure just do one thing..
substiture k=(-n-1) and then try to solve it... once you get the final expression then just replace the value of k with (-n-1).

For second fig..
best way is to expand the all (e to the power jw)=cos(w) + j sin (w).. and then try.
Note: w means omega
 

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