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Due to vast amounts of equipment still running on 5V, and needing maintenance, I would imagine quite a long time yet.
For new designs, things are a little different. Personally, if all the parts I need in a design are available in 3.3V or whatever, I will happily use it and forget 5V.
The question may be analogous to "how long will DIP parts last, before being replaced by SMD?" (Edit... He He, I missed the DIP part of your post when I wrote all this and only saw the 5V, must read more carefully!)
With both questions, there are no reasons not to use lower voltage and SMD parts in new designs, and many reasons *to* use them. Including the fact that many newer parts are only made in 3.3V and SMD.
I would imagine that prices of 5V and DIP parts may well start to rise, as manufacturers produce less of them and more low voltage parts.
Another option of course is to produce parts that can run at 5V *and* 3.3V without complaining.
I think that the end of 5V supply is not for a near future. 3.3V was introduced due to the power consumption of high speed designs. Today, a lot of the needs are not in high speed. On another hand, fab process are profitable.
For DIP packages, my feeling is the same. A lot of small companies are not rich enough to buy expansive material to support SMD assembly. Some others are thinking that SMD assembly are not reliable enough for their needs. And what about the hobby at home...
The real problem arises when the manufactureres have to replace production facilities .. the PROCESS and machines to make 5 volt and 3 volt devices are not the same .. That's when genearally these companies decide to get out that buissenes . The just close tyhe whole plant and open a new one with complete new caracteristics!
Frankly, I believe the future will be decided NOT by the demand but the supply. The DIP chips are at this time cheaper to make compared to the SMD chips for the same volume. However, the new IC packaging machines coming out will change this situaion. So, the suppliers will eventually move to the SMD chips. A strong indication is that most new chips are available in SMD format rather than DIP.
However, the same is not true about the 5 VDC systems. Only some industries (wireless, cell phones, low powered PDA's with ARM etc.) use 3 VDC designs. The traditional consumer electronics, telecom and office automation still uses 5 VDC and that has longer future.
I don't know about future of 5-vs- 3.3 V but I think industry can afford to make change-over easier. desiging a power supply to drop 5V to 3.3V easy enough.
However DIP's will stay around for a while. My reasonings:
1. Hobbyist; much easier to impliment and troubleshoot prototype.
2. Industry; same reasons above. a dip is easier to change out then having to unsolder a surface mount IC.
3. After industry works out bugs, then they can go with the surface mounting, they know the prototype works.
I know some ppl will say "Well what about the simulation programs?". Well I can only say this, they're only good up to a point.
My feeling about simulators are, they point out the major design errors but, you still have to breadboard your design!
I'm not here to start a war about the future! I'm just offering my inputs to a good discussion. After all I'm not God so I don't know the future either.
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