You need something to produce pulses related to the speed, possibly something producing a signal once per revolution of a wheel.
Then you need an accurate timing circuit to open a gate for a predetermined period to allow the pulses to be counted within a known time period.
You can then relate pulses per period to speed in mph.
Then using binary comparators you compare the count digits with your 60/70/80 mph limits and operate your alarm as the numbers match.
It's much easier using a micro but the method of measurement is exactly the same if you do it with discrete logic devices.
An alternative but less acurate method is to use a frequency to voltage converter (maybe a charge pump circuit) to produce an analog voltage proportional to the speed then use voltage comparators to see if you have exceeded the speed thresholds.
Brian.