SERDES : Serializer DESerializer, used to convert from serial <==> parallel.
SGMII: Serial Gigabit Media Independent Interface, it is used to interface the MAC layer of the Ethernet to the PHY layer.
1000BASE-X : Optical fiber channel that meets GigaBit Ethernet protocol requirments.
so in a Ethernet system : MAC Layer <==> SGMII <==> SERDES <==> PHY (1000BASE-X)