I'm having difficulty understanding the concept of clock synchronization in embedded communication protocols like SPI and I2C. From what I gather, it seems to involve making sure that data is sent and received at the correct time.
Can someone provide a simplified explanation of what exactly clock synchronization means in these contexts and why it's important?"
It means that with I2C/SPI the sender will issue the clock on the bus in order to the receiver take data at the correct timming. Differently from the Serial UART communication ( that you asked in another thread ) on which there the receiver data clock is supposed to be configured to match the sender's one, here you don't need to care about in some extent.