Hi Jerdo,
To understand the properties of the pcb boards, one of the best places is to search on PCB board producers.
PCBPool has a good products description see pages at
http://www.pcb-specification.com/uk
PCB Train has some good articles at
http://www.pcbtrain.co.uk/blog/category/printed-circuit-boards/
As for the purchase of blank boards RS Components has a global presence
http://www.rs-components.com/index.html
See
http://uk.rs-online.com/web/p/plain-copper-ink-resist-boards/2192139/ as an example product.
There are many other suppliers, such as Maplin, Farnell, Rapid Electronics and also smaller companies so you should be OK.
Going onto PCB CAD there are may options and choices and many user views on what is 'best'!
In the free CAD options I use DesignSpark PCB which I find great and without limitations on board size or commercial use.
Many hobbiests use Eagle, but its board size wass too limited for me and it does not allow commercial use.
There are many others with various followers and all have their strong and weak points.
If you have not even started on soldering etc., there are lots of ready made boards containing a micro-controller with a prototyping area and a regulator socket and crystal for a fast start.
OR have you looked at the Arduino development platform which is a complete development platform and can have pcbs (shields) added on to configure the hardware.
It really depends what is 'behind' your question as to what route is best for you, but hope that helps with deciding what you want to do?