When you have a signal path it is subjected to errors like :
1) PSRR, effects of power supply noise on amplifiers in signal path
2) Offset errors, voltage and current, of amplifiers in signal path
3) Gain and non linearity errors of amplifiers/attenuators in signal path
4) Noise sources, 1/f, popcorn, surface state noise, added into the signal
5) T and V effects on signal path components
6) A/D component errors, its Vref, its INL and DNL.....
So you take these errors and by superposition add them all up (noise
added RMS) and that is your total error. Note when you calc the errors
you normalize them all, say to ppm or LSBs, so you can add them up.
Attached an ap note of basics (more on web).
Regards, Dana.