4 Layers PCB : Via holes

Dear all,
I need to make a 4 layers PCB (the external two with SMT discrete components while the other two internal's are ground and power supply with two or three different types of voltages). I would like to know how much is the price difference between "through holes" and "blind holes", and how are these vias designed. I've seen one guy making the gerber files while projecting one layer+ground plane, and he said that he needed holes to connect with the ground plane; are these holes the vias, and if yes, do I need avoid them to be covered with the solder mask?
Can you also tell me the delay of the via lines, and how to connect them with the traces (I would like to put the power supply network + oscillator in the lowest layer, and give it to the highest layer)?
Thank you for your interest,

Regards,
LandLack

You are apparently designing your first multi-layer PCB. I don't believe that you should think about advanced techniques like blind vias, refer to an established standard technology suported by all PCB manufacturers, using standard design rules.

https://www.palsrvs.com/files/IPC_DC_Mtg Aug_Rev_B.pdf

Blind and buried vias is not the best way to start learning PCB design, and for a 4 layer design shouldn't be required.

Thank you for your replies, which have been very useful.
I've seen a copper+dielectric+copper PCB (2 layers, right?). One copper layer was the ground, while the other had devices + traces , and I've been told that the gerber file with the holes (which passed through all the layers) indicated the connection with the ground. So these drilled holes are the vias, correct?
If yes, in my case I can't use a layer completely covered by copper to make a ground since it will be connected to the power source, right?
And the paths which end with a circle and a hole are the connection between the traces and the vias?
And how much should be the radius of the hole (if it's a via), to have characteristic impedance of 50 ohm?
I'm sorry for asking so many things, but as you've already guessed, this is my first PCB experience. (And I need to produce also a little bit complicated circuit).

Regards,
LandLack

You can design PCB traces with specific impedance, e.g. 50 ohms, but it's a matter of the selected transmission line structure and it's dimensions, e.g. microstrip or coplanar waveguide, respective trace width and distance between ground and signal. Via diameters can be chosen to fit the trace width but are only one (probably less important) of several parameters. You should tell the operation frequency of your PCB to make us understand if these parameters matter at all.

FvM said:

You can design PCB traces with specific impedance, e.g. 50 ohms, but it's a matter of the selected transmission line structure and it's dimensions, e.g. microstrip or coplanar waveguide, respective trace width and distance between ground and signal. Via diameters can be chosen to fit the trace width but are only one (probably less important) of several parameters. You should tell the operation frequency of your PCB to make us understand if these parameters matter at all.

Click to expand...

Threre are 8 different tones: 130MHz ,250 MHz ,410MHz ,615MHz, 820,940,1190,1400 MHz . I need the vias to connect the oscillators on the lowest layer to the highest layer where the main operations will be done.
I've chosen Rogers RO4350b as the PCB technology (Er=3.48, Dielectric thickness=0.762mm, copper thickness=always 0.0177mm).