You need a way to convert binary numbers into BCD (binary coded decimal).
With BCD each decimal digit occupies 4 bits (a nibble). Each nibble goes up to 9. The next increment causes the BCD digit to return to 0, and generates a carry to the next nibble.
Say your resistors all transmit a '1'. In binary this occupies 2 nibbles as:
0111 1111
This number is decimal 127. In BCD this occupies 3 nibbles as:
0001 0010 0111
Each group would go to a 7 segment LED display.
You will need a very elaborate network of gates to make such a conversion.
Here is a schematic which will translate binary 0 to 9 to the 7-segment LED display.
To expand this to 3 digits would be an enormous task.
Discussions at other forums frequently advise using a computerized chip (pic, etc.). If you want to avoid this, there is an IC called the 14553 '3-digit BCD counter'. It will count up to a number between decimal 0 and 999, and display it as 3 digits, multiplexed.
You would send a clock signal to its counter, as well as a binary counter, simultaneously. You would let both run until the binary counter matches your 7 resistors. The 14553 will have duplicated this same value encoded as BCD, and will display it on your 3 digit LED display.