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Gerber files - they are used to make the photoplots that will be used to expose your board for etching. There will also be glue layer and paste mask layer Gerbers if you are going to have the board populated with parts by an assembly house.
Drill files - they are used to program the machines that drill the holes and cut (route) the board.
Drill drawing - it is used to list the specifications and limitations you want the fab to follow while making the board. Any instructions you have for the fab are also included on this drawing.
Assembly drawings - if you are going to have someone else put the parts on the board for you, these are used to show the assembly house where to put the parts.
BOM - bill of materials to list all the parts used on the board.
Pick and Place File - this is used if the assembly house is going to use automated machinery to place the parts on your board.
An assembly house using automated machinery may also want an ODB++ formatted file or the board file to program their automatic pick-and-place machinery.
I only have a couple of items to add to House Cat's excellent list. If you are doing In-Circuit Test (ICT) you may need either a GenCAD or a Fabmaster file depending on who is creating your ICT fixtures/Program. Also, if you have any programmable devices you will need to provide those files also.
You may also give the separate layer stackup with dielectric material including its thickness
Copper thickness of the inner and outer layer can be added in the Fabnote
Should you really want to know all the manufacturing output files from a PCB design, you can check https://www.freedomcad.com and you can see all the files
most board and assembly shops required. I know that some of these files are not
required by some other board and assembly shops, but freedomcad have the more complete file outputs amongst the others....I have been working as a designer for over 30 years, and I have gone through all these requirements before....
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